Entomology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Entomology - Essay Example Edward Jenner’s little pox antibody that was created from the cowpox gave the genuinely necessary solution for the feared illness and as of now, the world is liberated from little pox disease. From that point forward, numerous immunizations have been created and they have spared numerous lives other than improving the future of individuals on earth. Antibodies have disposed of once irresistible maladies, for example, polio, yellow fever and sickness in European nations, however low common paces of these diseases are as yet recorded in different pieces of the creating scene. Following the advantages of immunization, I have moral commitment to the general public and myself to be inoculated against so as to safeguard my wellbeing and shield other part from being tainted. Immunizations are significant clinical intercessions for sparing lives and shielding individuals in the general public from getting debilitated (Maxcy, 1998). Predominance of ailment in any populace is a gigantic obstacle to financial development that sabotages advancement in all social orders. Profoundly irresistible maladies lessen the work power in the public arena, particularly when it influences the most profitable segment gathering. Moreover, high youngster mortality happens in social orders with high pervasiveness paces of lethal and irresistible malady. This outcomes to overwhelming financial misfortunes, emerging from the lost labor hours that happen from truancy, bed rests and emergency clinic confirmations. The significance of inoculation in the general public can't be overemphasized. As indicated by Maxcy (1998), future has expanded drastically around the world, contrasted with the last one hundred years. This has come about to high populaces that give work and market to the developing economies. Immunization isn't just an individual choices from which the individual advantages or endures. In the contemporary society, the life of every individual straightforwardly or in a rounda bout way influences that of someone else. This suggests each general public has an ethical right of retaining rehearses that guarantee the security and strength of each part. The general public contains various classes of individuals, with changing wellbeing status and diverse wellbeing needs. Kids and the older are truly powerless gatherings, inclined to diseases that effectively cripple or cause passing. These gatherings depend on the other capable gatherings in the populace to give security and wellbeing. Youngsters depend on their folks for assurance simply like the old depend on their kids to deal with them during mature age. Disappointment of a watchman to immunize their kid from contamination is ethically off-base on the grounds that the youngster isn't sufficiently developed to settle on free choices about her or his life. In addition, a youngster or anyone who isn't immunized presents a wellbeing peril to the remainder of network individuals. I have moral commitment to the general public and myself to be immunized. As an individual, I am mindful that my wellbeing and life are vital to the general public and me. I have dreams, objectives and desires that prop me up and they decide my motivation here in the planet. In this regard, I am mindful that inability to get inoculated against genuine contaminations makes me defenseless against malady that certainly influences my wellbeing and resulting profitability in work and my investigations. As a capable resident in the nation, I am mindful that the condition of wellbeing of other powerless individuals relies upon me. The choices that I make about my own wellbeing decide their wellbeing too and in this way neglecting to become immunized is ethically off-base

Slumdog millionaire by Danny Boyle Essay Example For Students

Slumdog mogul by Danny Boyle Essay Slumdog mogul, coordinated by Danny Boyle is probably the best film I have viewed in years. The story begins with Jamal Malik (primary character), a youth from the ghettos who is on the well known Hindi adaptation of Who needs to be a mogul? His fundamental intention in being on the show is to locate his lost love from adolescence. Aside from being uneducated, he proceeds to win the show. Aside from his triumph, he is given over to the police in doubt of cheating. When the police have him, they severely harm him to make him tell how he cheated. In the long run they settle down to tune in to his story. To demonstrate his blamelessness, Jamal advises his life to clarify that from his background scene by scene, he knew the appropriate response. The film has a touchy touch to it and might engage a more established and develop crowd who has a preference for reality motion pictures but on the other hand is a drag to explicit youths. The story unites incredible culture and straightforwardness to the watcher that there is by all accounts nothing stunning. To begin with, the presentation of the characters in the film is executed splendidly. As the scenes are played, it appears as though the film has a great deal of truth and reality film to communicate to the crowd, which is impressive. Second, the film as it began got a handle on my consideration and from that point on, there was a constant flood of excitement. I truly valued the new strategy for passing on the story. While Jamal disclosed to the cops his biography, the film indicated flashback scenes of his life which demonstrated to the watchers and the cops that he knew the right answers during his time of living in the ghettos. A perfect crowd to watch Slumdog Millionaire must be sufficiently adult to watch a film which incorporates hostile language and upsetting scenes. Actually, through my experience, I accept that if a film has won four honors at the Golden Globe, it is commendable enough to watch. Especially for this film, an immediate crowd would in a perfect world be anyone who can correspond between a ghetto and an ordinary city. More established people would superbly fit the profile; and it might even interest develop youths because of a light sentimental story among Jamal and his sweetheart. The crowd should likewise be sensible to acknowledge the truth of Mumbai which may appear to be terrible yet obvious. Despite the fact that there were awful occasions which happened in the film, the storys setting Mumbai and its partners give a reasonable inclination among watchers. There might be additionally many opposing watchers to appreciate or even watch the honor winning film. An immediate crowd which will respond would be a portion of the more seasoned Indian populace or more youthful guys or females around the world. The explanations for the resistance from the Indian people group would be the persecution, biases, and financial misuse inside Indian life. The misuse of the Mumbai ghettos may even outrage some to a degree that they may to sue the chief. Originating from that, the story is likewise too basic that it may even get a touch of exhausting for the youthful guys in the crowd. As youthful guys for the most part incline toward activity and spine chiller movies and youthful females favor to a greater extent an unadulterated sentimental sort of film, it would not firmly fit their measures. Subsequently, Slumdog mogul is reasonable for any crowd as long as they are happy to confront the real factors found in the city of Mumbai, India and the little stories which oblige it.

Halloween Costume Ideas for Book Lovers

Halloween Costume Ideas for Book Lovers For book lovers everywhere, Halloween is an excuse to dress up as your favorite character andâ€"even if just for a nightâ€"bask in the fictional world an author has created (while perhaps enjoying some trick or treat chocolate in the process). Thats why weve compiled a list of some of the most recognizable literary characters, along with advice and links to help you put the costume together.Scarlett OHara and Rhett ButlerGone with the Wind by Margaret MitchellScarlett OHara and Rhett Butler, from Margaret Mitchells Gone With the Wind, are one of the most widely recognized literary couples. From Rhetts infamous Frankly my dear line to Scarletts irresistible Southern belle charm, their love will go down in history as being as volatile as the war-torn lands burning down around them.You can get as detailed and creative with this one as you want, and for the lady, Scarletts infamous curtain dress is obviously a great choice. For the bookworms who have read Gone With the Wind, youll rememb er that Scarlett wore a very special green dress to visit Rhett in jail. What made it special, of course, was that she made it from the moss-green curtains that were an OHara family heirloom.Here are our Scarlett OHara and Rhett Butler costume ideas. Sources: Fun World Womens Gone with The Wind-Scarlet OHara Costume, 1920s Movie Star MoustacheHester Prynne and Arthur DimmesdaleThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel HawthorneHester Prynne is the highly recognizable protagonist of Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter, and is a woman facing social condemnation at the hands of her Puritan neighbors. After believing her husband to be dead, Hester finds comfort in the arms of the local minister Arthur Dimmesdale and bears his daughter, Pearl. Because Hester has no husband with her, she is imprisoned, convicted of the crime of adultery, and sentenced to be forced to wear a prominent scarlet letter A for the rest of her life.To make Hester Prynne come alive for Halloween haunts, all you need is a puritan costume and a way to put the letter A on itâ€"just like Hester Prynne was forced to do. Of course, a sewn red letter would look most realistic, but if youre in a rush, a letter made of red paper or tape can work, as well. For the ministers costume, any black robe with a cross hanging from it will get the idea across.Check out these costume ideas for Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. Sources: California Costumes Pilgrim Woman Settler, Priest Shirt CostumeLisbeth SalanderThe Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg LarssonCreated by Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson, Lisbeth Salanderâ€"the punk protagonist of the Millennium Seriesâ€"is one of literatures most captivating tattooed women. As a lead character, alongside journalist Mikael Blomkvist, Lisbeth fights, blackmails and researches her way into capturing several sexual predators, and does so while being described as a pale, skinny young woman with short hair and a pierced nose and eyebrow. She also ride s a motorcycle and doesnt forget any injustices done to her.Among several other tattoos, her most famous is the dragon tattoo that runs across her entire back, so for costumeâ€"this detail will need to be improvised. While short wigs are available to make her punk hairstyle doable, you can find a collection of magnetized or stick-on jewelry to make the facial piercings (except obviously without the pain). A spiked collar and leather jacket will complete the Lisbeth Salander look, and of course, any shirt or dress with a dragon on it. For anyone wanting a truly detailed costume, temporary tattoos of dragons are a good idea.To dress up like Lisbeth Salander, check out these ideas. Sources: Large Dragon Temporary Tattoos, Choker Collar NecklaceKatniss EverdeenThe Hunger Games by Suzanne CollinsWhen Suzanne Collins created Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games, she not only created a memorable image of the young rebel archerâ€"she also created a great look for a Halloween costume for any young bookwork flying solo on Halloween. As the leader of the rebellion against the Capitol, Katniss is a great literary character to commemorate and would be widely recognized by readers of all ages, particularly if you incorporate the three-finger salute throughout your night of haunting.Katniss stands apart with her practical braided ponytail and archery set. Her costume varies throughout the books and movies but remains mostly leather jackets and knee-high boots over various apocalyptic basic T-shirts and cargo pants. Her signature Mockingjay pin also completes the look and can be purchased online.Here are some costume ideas for Katniss Everdeen. Sources: The Hunger Games Deluxe Katniss Costume, The Hunger Games Movie Mockingjay Prop Rep Pin

Before Going Bankrupt In 2001 Enron Corporation Was One

Before going bankrupt in 2001 Enron Corporation was one of the biggest incorporated natural gas and electricity companies on earth. It dealt with selling natural gas liquids worldwide, and operated one of the biggest natural gas transmission systems in the world. They had become one of the largest developers and producers of electricity in the world, and supplied industrial and evolving markets including individual consumers. Enron was a major dealer of solar and wind renewable energy globally, had a strong risk management service for a large collection of its natural gases contracts, and was one of the biggest oil and gas exploring companies around the world. They were the leading wholesale marketer of natural gas and electricity in the†¦show more content†¦Deregulation of the energy market left the big companies in the market of energy to control their operations and allowed them to sway the market in their favor. This influence over the market led Enron to fabricate elect ricity shortage, with that they were able to increase its demand, and then boost its price to profit more revenues. According to Public Citizen, â€Å"Enron and its chief executive officer, Kenneth Lay, have been remarkably successful in lobbying the executive branch, leaders in Congress and various federal regulatory officials to withdraw government monitoring of many corporate activities within domestic energy markets.† Additional, Public Citizen says that in deregulation, the ethics of transparency, accountability, and citizen oversights, which were major causes of downfall for Enron, are ignored, yet, they are crucial factors that ensure the market is operating well (Healy, 2003). Before deregulation energy contracts were negotiated under regulated trading laws, which required information on prices be reported including the amount that was traded. After deregulation, companies were not required to report the price they sold its products at, the volume, or even the amount of products being traded. Enron was able toShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crime And Its Effects On Society Essay734 Words   |  3 Pagescrime committed by a business or large corporations. They are usually scams or frauds to gain wealth in society. The people who are guilty of this crime lie, cheat and steal from investors of their company or business. Even though these crimes are non-violent, they have major impacts on the society. Their companies become non existent and families get destroyed. All of their life savings and savings for their children get taken away, and they become bankrupt. Not only does it affect their familiesRead MoreEnron Accounting Scandal1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enron Accounting Scandal of 2001 There are many accounting scandals that have occurred throughout United States History. 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Enron was one of the biggest publicly traded companies and highly trustedRead MoreEnron : Enron And Enron1298 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Enron lead the American energy, commodities, Enron Services was based in Houston, TX. During the turn of the 21st century Enron had an employee base of 20,000 people on payroll. Enron made profits by selling electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper. Enron’s revenues totaled over $101 billion in 2000. Due to Enron’s earning Fortune named Enron as the America Most Innovative Company. Enron was one of the biggest publicly traded companies and highly trustedRead MoreEnrons Accounting Fraud1304 Words   |  6 PagesNorthern Natural Gas Company (the ancestor of ENRON) was established in 1930. In 1979, Inter North Inc. bought Northern Natural Gas Company and placed it  under a new management. In the 1980s, the  United States Congress passed legislation deregulating the sale of  natural gas.  At the beginning of the 1990s, Congress passed a similar legislation targeted at the sales of electricity. These steps launched a new era in the energy market, allowing companies like ENRON to prosper. In 1985, Kenneth Lay, CEO of  HoustonRead MoreEnron Was A Successful Multi Billion Dollar Company1555 Words   |  7 PagesEnron was a company that operated one of the largest natural gas transmissions networks in North America. At the top of its game, Enron was a successful multi-billion dollar company that marketed electricity and natural gas. Enron also provided financial and risk management services to consumers around the globe. Because of its success, Enron left many people astonished when it declared bankruptcy in December 2001. Twenty thousand employees were left without jobs and most had lost their entireRead MoreCorporate Fraud975 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate FraudÂ…when you hear those words the first, most recent incident, many think of is The Enron Scandal. This same scandal produced the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002. This much needed act created the Public Comp any Accounting Oversight Board under the Security Exchange Commission s supervision. This board sets accounting standards and investigates Certified Public Accountants and companies to ensure they are following the guidelines set forth. This

Grace Wounds Before It Heals - 1224 Words

Grace wounds before it heals Throughout O’Connor’s stories, the reader is taken through a journey of a relatable pride through characters in humorous situations. Having grown up in a religious environment in Savannah, Georgia, O’Connor uses her stories to tell of the inevitability of the grace of God in everyone’s life (Gordon 2015). In the story, â€Å"Good Country People,† O’ Connor follows her traditional writing style by showcasing the misconceptions people and â€Å"traditional Christian families† have with their connection to religion. Flannery O’Connor began her life with a close connection to God, growing up with two devout Roman Catholic parents. At the age of 15, O’Connor lost her father to Lupus, further driving her beliefs and need for education. As she went through her life, she educated herself and eventually published her first novel, â€Å"Wise Blood,† which depicted her intentions as an unconventio nal novelist. O’Connor made large use of dark comedy in her writings to show her â€Å"disdain for the increasing secularism of her time† (Gordon 2015). Even as the same disease that took her father wracked her body, O’Connor used her characters to show the painstaking journey to Grace that most people will eventually follow. Despite the major social and racial changes going on during her career, O’Connor took it upon herself to show humans their general sinfulness and need for God through her writing. In a biography of O’Connor, the author describes her writing as â€Å"â€Å"the subtle tugShow MoreRelatedSpiritual Healing : Testing The Healing Techniques2649 Words   |  11 PagesTesting the Healing Techniques - Do They Really Work? By Grace Michael | Submitted On August 31, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Grace Michael Over the years that I have studied and practicedRead MoreQuiz 2 Study Guide1078 Words   |  5 Pagesirresponsible parents, they compensate effectively and find a way to become healthy and secure. a. True *b. False (Wilson, Chapter 4, p.49, para.5) 7. Studies show that girls are more likely to be victims of sexual abuse than boys before the age of eighteen. *a. True (Wilson, Chapter 4, p.51, para.7) b. False 8. The lust for omniscience is based on the misbelief that we can â€Å"figure out† how to change things in our lives. *a. True (Wilson, Chapter 5, pRead MoreA Narrative Of The Captivity By Mary Rowlandson847 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficulty moment. Rowlandson’s believe in Christianity plays an active role of her survival. â€Å"Being faithful to the service of God in her people† (258). When Mary Rowlandson, was capture she was injured by the Indian. Although she survive that wound but her daughter die. The Indians were so brutal â€Å"Barbarous creature, with our bodies wounded and bleeding, and our hearts no less than our bodies† (259). In this case Rowlandson was in pain for the loss at the same was badly treated by the IndiansRead MoreFicciones, by Jorge Luis Borges Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesNameless man, from that unknown country, whose language is untainted by Greek, the reader is thrust into a realization of sorts. 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It is used for burning out cancer, drying up weeping sores or wounds, etc.; it will warm cold areas to reduce pain. Red is a powerful healing agent for healing diseases of the blood and circulation. It willRead MoreHurt People Hurt People by Dr. Sandra Wilson Essay2462 Words   |  10 Pageshave told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world. From the time we are babies until we die we will experience hurt, trouble, tribulation. Many times deep wounds and deep hurts affect the person’s life in negative ways. Wilson points out by the title of her book hurt people hurt other people because they have experienced hurt. Hurting people have the natural reaction to isolate or close themselvesRead MoreJesus Divine Identity As Logos In The Gospel Of John1619 Words   |  7 Pagesauthority, and prophesizing  the time of revelation when Jesus claims he is the Son of Man.   In the miracle of the blind man,  Jesus heals  the man born blind by covering his eyes with clay and uses water to cleanse them. By telling the now seeing man  that  he, Jesus,  is the  Son of  Man he  grants the once blind man  physical sight as well as  spiritual sight through the grace of faith  that  only God can give. The mud on the eyes is connected to how man was made from in God’s image and the water is reminiscentRead MoreContemporary English Version Bible Vs. Human Sexuality1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is currently considerable confusion in regard to what is sin and what is not sin, and with regard that sexuality that is taken it as sin they are right since when the sexual relationship is consummated by those who are not married this is sin before the eyes of God, â€Å"Don t be immoral in matters of sex. That is a sin against your own body in a way that no other sin is. † 1 Corinthians 6:18 (Contemporary English Version Bible) Behold, then it must be understood that different opinions may differ

8 Themes of Ap Biology Relating to the Cell Membrane Free Essays

8 themes of biology relating to the cell membrane Science as a process: Science is a process which encompasses many methods in order to reach a final conclusion. This relates to the cell membrane because it carries out many processes to reach a final product. For example, the cell membrane forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside, so that the chemical environments on the two sides can be different. We will write a custom essay sample on 8 Themes of Ap Biology Relating to the Cell Membrane or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cell controls those differences to optimize the working of the organelles inside the cytoplasm. The cell also causes brief changes in the internal environment by transporting proteins and other materials across the membrane. These changes are the ways in which the cell responds to its environment. All these functions work together as a process to keep the cell happy. Evolution: The early cell membrane’s purpose was to enclose genetic material and protect it from the surrounding environment. The evolution of a membrane surrounding the genetic material provided two huge advantages: the products of the genetic material could be kept close by and the internal environment of this proto-cell could be different than the external environment. This breakthrough would have jump-started evolution to an organism much like a modern bacterium. Also, the modification of many membrane properties throughout millions of years made it possible for new evolutionary forces to show themselves in eukaryotes, dealing with the presence of cholesterol in the cell membrane directly associated to protein thermo stability. Energy Transfer: The cell membrane participates in energy transfer with active transport. The cell membrane moves molecules against the concentration gradient from low concentration to high concentration. This function requires energy, or ATP, to carry out the process. At times, the cell membrane uses a protein pump to channel the molecules for easier transport. Two types of active transport the cell completes are antiport and symport. To transport large molecules through the membrane, the cell membrane uses vesicles. Those vesicles transport the material to the necessary organelle which will eventually turn the material into usable ATP. Continuity and Change: All species tend to maintain themselves from generation to generation using the same genetic code. However, there are genetic mechanisms that lead to change over time, or mutations. Cystic fibrosis is a product of a mutation in the cell membrane. Cystic fibrosis results from the mutation of a gene coding for a trans-membrane protein regulating chloride ion transport across the cell membrane. This multisystem disease cripples children and leads to early death. This mutation represents the changes found in the cell membrane, but the cell membrane has been doing the same job for millions of years with slight changes. Relationship of Structure to Function: The cell membrane structure depends on its function; to hold the shape of the cell and to regulate the traffic of the cell. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer which acts as a semi-permeable membrane, various proteins which carry out molecule transfer and certain active transport jobs, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. The shape of the cell membrane all depends on the environment inside the cell. Regulation: The cell membrane regulates the traffic of the cell. It is semi-permeable which means it allows diffusion for only certain molecules. It regulates what enters the cell and defends against diseases that may want to enter the cell as well. It also regulates the shape of the cell and holds it together. The membrane is one of the most important structures in a cell. Interdependence in nature: The cell membrane not only regulates the traffic of the cell, but is also the liaison for communication outside the cell. The membrane includes receptor protiens which aid in communication between cells. The receptor protiens receive specific chemical signals from neighboring cells or the proteins environment. These signals tell a cell to perform a certain job. It could tell a cell to divide or die, or to allow certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. Science, technology, and society: The study of the cell membrane has further increased our knowledge of the modern cell. We can now fully understand its parts and create valid conclusions of its structure and function. Society can benefit from this because they can be fully aware what is happening in the life around them and also in themselves. The cell membrane is one of the most important structures of the cell and has a very important role in an organism-to keep it healthy and functioning. How to cite 8 Themes of Ap Biology Relating to the Cell Membrane, Papers

Thank you, Harry free essay sample

I believe in magic. That it’s everywhere: in the little things that happen all the time that make me smile and make my day, and in the once-in-a-lifetime events. I believe that you’re never too old for anything. That a fantasy world filled with wands and charms can come to life inside your head and make your eyes light up, no matter what age you are. And I believe that a fictional friend who was loyal to you for seven years can leave a lasting impact on you. I was there through it all; midnight book releases and midnight movie premieres. I dressed up on many occasions and even made my own wand. I became entranced by a world filled with potions, strange creatures, and a certain wizard that goes by the name of Harry Potter. He has had an influence on my life for the past nine years. We will write a custom essay sample on Thank you, Harry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That may sound silly, but after reading all the books and seeing all the movies multiple times, I can’t help but consider Harry a friend. He invited me into his life and allowed me to share in his adventures, from conquering the basilisk to sending his kids off for their first year at Hogwarts. I grew up with him, and as my college years approach, I know that Harry will remain with me. I remember getting wrapped up in his stories for the first time, my eyes lighting up and my imagination expanding with every new spell learned. His world was filled with wonder, and I just kept reading and reading. Pretty soon, reading was one of my favorite things to do, and everything seemed to be filled with wonder. Harry gave me a new perspective on life. The wonder I was filled with while reading extended into my everyday life. I started looking for all the places where magic would be hidden. Not the wands and spells magic, I knew better than that, but the everyday magic hidden in those t iny details that are sometimes underappreciated. And I found it. In the Papermate mechanical pencil that writes smoothly, making homework enjoyable. In the feeling I get from spending a day with extended family. And in the delight I feel while organizing my new North Face backpack before school starts. These minor details seem completely uneventful and even unimportant, but they’ve made their mark one smile at a time. I believe that is what magic is all about. And that’s what Harry has done for me for the past nine years. He brightens my spirits one chapter at a time and allows my inner child to come out, as he has done for every loyal reader out there. Thanks to Harry and his courage and bravery, I believe anything is possible. I believe magic can be found everywhere. And I believe in Harry Potter, because he has taught me to believe in myself. So thank you, Harry. Thank you for a new outlook and appreciation. Thank you for the magic.

La Chteau Versailles essays

La Chteau Versailles essays In 1669 a quaint hunting lodge a few miles outside of Paris was designated to become one of the grandest, most beautiful, and most elaborate castles that the world has ever seen. The Palace Versailles helped to establish King Louis XIV as a Grand Monarch, and was the rule with which other palaces were measured. The single act of creation on the part of Louis XIV propelled him into the annals of history as not only a great leader and politician, but an accomplished architect as well. Versailles stands today as a testament of the grandeur and audacity of the Baroque period in European history, and its lasting affect on our modern day. La Chteau Versailles was a mammoth work of a cross between classical and baroque styles. Its exterior is decorated in very classical styling, but its sheer magnitude displays its ties to the Baroque period of art and architecture. The style in which it was constructed was surely nothing new to the people of France, what was distinct about it was the size. If Versailles had been 100 meters wide instead of nearly six times that, it would have simply been another chateau. But because of its size the Palace Versailles has become one of the most studied and beloved palaces in the world. It is a singular example of the Frenchs ability to meld to seemingly opposite ideas into one magnificent piece of architecture. Was it necessary for the king to create such a palace? It really is funny that the king saw the need to construct such a spectacle. It was well known that his construction of the palace was in a desire to show his enemies and critics that he was all powerful. Louis XIV was, at the time of construction, one of the most powerful men on earth. Yet in what would seem to be an almost paranoid state of mind he designed and ordered the building of a palace so large in scale that it would leave little doubt in anyones mind whom the king truly was. The idea that possession is power is...

Ideas for Engineering Science Fair Projects

Ideas for Engineering Science Fair Projects Engineering science fair projects can involve designing, building, analyzing, modeling, or improving a device. You can also test or create materials. Here are some specific ideas for engineering science fair projects. What is the best material to put in a sandbag to block water, such as during a flood?How tall can you build a tower using only a sheet of ​paper? You can cut it, fold it, crumple it, but only use that single material. What works best?Compare the characteristics of a structure that is made using different materials. You can compare strength, corrosion resistance, and elasticity. Be creative. The trick is to make certain your measurements are truly comparable to each other.What can you do with a swim cap to optimize its ability to decrease drag in water? Can you alter the shape? Does one material work substantially better than another?Which type of paper towel absorbs the most water? Which brand absorbs the most oil? Are they the same brand?What differences do you note in the ability of different soils to support a structure?What type of paper airplane flies the furthest and stays aloft the longest?How can you map a magnetic field? Can you construct a device, using iron filings, that can be reused for field mapping? Construct a Lego building. Now try to make the same building on an incline, such as a 30-degree slope. What changes do you need to make in order to make it stable?How does a change in the construction of a parachute affect flight? Parameters you could examine include size, shape, material, and/or method of attachment.

Sports injuries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sports injuries - Research Paper Example Although most people do not lose their consciousness, there is a tendency to forget events prior to or immediately after concussions. In some cases, individuals sustaining concussions simply feel confused. A concussion may not be life-threatening, but it can have very serious effects on an individual’s health (Cornell University). The symptoms of concussion are rare to notice. In most cases, it is difficult to tell if someone has sustained concussion especially if there are no bruises on the head. However, there are some signs that manifest in most patients who have sustained concussion. Some of the physical signs include nausea, vomiting, persistent headaches, dizziness, high sensitivity to light, blurred vision, tiredness, and balance problems. Some of the emotional signs include sadness, anxiety, bad mood, and unusually high temper. Young children with concussions can develop prolonged headaches, cry more than usual, change the way they act or play, develop sad mood, and lose interest in their usual activities. They can also lose new skills such as toilet training. In addition, they can have trouble while walking or even lose their balance. Moreover, they can easily be upset or lose their tempers (Cornell University). The long-term effects of concussions depend on the severity of the injury, subsequent treatment, and the age of the athlete. Concussions caused by severe injuries often take very long periods to heal. Similarly, untreated symptoms of concussions may take a long period to subside. Additionally, very young athletes take more time than adults to recover from concussions (Cornell University). Second impact syndrome occurs mostly in young athletes, particularly the ones under the age of 18. It usually arises when an individual sustains a concussion before recovering completely from a prior brain injury. The second concussion interrupts cerebral blood flow, subsequently triggering vascular engorgement, herniation of the brain, and increased

Current Issues In Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Current Issues In Finance - Essay Example According to the theory of capital structure, the major features of the conception constitute with maximum return with minimum risk, flexibility in resource allocation, adequate liquidity, conservation of reserves, balanced capital flow and leverage, which accumulatively helps in assisting the smooth flow of finances stimulating the overall business operations. It is in this context that according to the theorem presented by Modigliani & Miller, there are various factors on which the managerial decision of configuring an appropriate capital structure is depended (Kumar & Sharma, 1998). The objective of this paper is to discuss about the importance of capital structure with reference to the financial configuration of a Hong Kong based real estate company named Henderson Land Development Company Pvt. Ltd. With this concern, the paper will also attempt to examine the utilisation and importance of capital structure from a generalised points of view narrowing towards its implications on t he company. Modigliani & Miller’s theorem towards capital structure will also be taken into account for the purpose of this study. Description of Capital Structure Capital structure can be defined as the framework or planned method through which a company attempts to control its allocation as well as flow of finances in its operational process mitigating financial interruptions by a considerable extent. According to the theory presented by Modigliani & Miller, capital structure represents the general distinction between leverage and equity describing the conditions under which a firm’s value can prevail unaffected due to the financial decisions taken by the management (Villamil, 2005). It is worth mentioning that from a generalised point of view, it has often assumed that equity propositions and leverage functions of any organisation is highly affected with its financial decisions, both in the short-run and in the long-run as well. As stated by Baker & Martin (2011), à ¢â‚¬Å"capital structure refers to the sources of financing employed by the firm† (pp. 1). It is in this context that there are various available options which are generally availed by organisations to accumulate the required amount of capital or funding for the smooth execution of its organisational operations in the long run. Contextually, the decisions, taken by the organisations in order to accredit its capital structure, have often been witnessed to have a crucial impact over its competencies and the financial risks probably faced by the firm in its long run performances (Baker & Martin, 2011). Although the capital structure related decisions taken by organisations have been frequently considered as one of the major reasons to face noteworthy consequences, especially in the post economic crisis period, the formulation of the capital structure has also been identified to have considerable positive impacts on a company’s financial affairs. Contextually, the major feat ures of capital structure are identified as profitability, flexibility, control and solvency. Profitability can be defined as the process of utilising maximum resources in the business process engaging minimum cost which subsequently gives rise to the profit ratio. In the similar context, flexibility can be discussed as the process in which the capital stru

Consequences of child abuse and neglect

Consequences of child abuse and neglect Introduction Child abuse and neglect are an unfortunate reality for many children in our community. The past thirty years have witnessed a growth in our awareness of and attention to the problems faced by children exposed to violence in their homes. The consequences of maltreatment can be devastating. For over 30 years, clinicians have described the effects of child abuse and neglect on the physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development of children. Physical consequences range from minor injuries to severe brain damage and even death. Psychological consequences range from chronic low self-esteem to severe dissociative states. The cognitive effects of abuse range from attentional problems and learning disorders to severe organic brain syndromes. Behaviorally, the consequences of abuse range from poor peer relations all the way to extraordinarily violent behaviors. Thus, the consequences of abuse and neglect affect the victims themselves and the society in which they live. REVIEW OF DEFINITIONS A 1989 conference convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development recommended that maltreatment be defined as behavior towards another person, which (a) is outside the norms of conduct, and (b) entails a substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. Behaviors included will consist of actions and omissions, ones that are intentional and ones that are unintentional (Christoffel et al., 1992). The term child maltreatment refers to a broad range of behaviors that involve risk for the child. Four general categories of child maltreatment are now generally recognized: (1) physical abuse, (2) sexual abuse, (3) neglect, and (4) emotional maltreatment. Each category, in turn, covers a range of behaviors. Physical abuse includes scalding, beatings with an object, severe physical punishment, and a rare form of the abuse called Munchausen by proxy, wherein an adult will feign or induce illness in a child in order to attract medical attention and support. Sexual abuse includes incest, sexual assault by a relative or stranger, fondling of genital areas, exposure to indecent acts, sexual rituals, or involvement in child pornography. Child neglect is the presence of certain deficiencies in caretaker obligations (usually the parent, although neglect can be found in residential centers or foster care homes) that harm the childs psychological and/or physical health. Child neglect covers a range of behaviors including educational, supervisory, medical, physical, and emotional neglect, and abandonment, often complicated by cultural and contextual factors. Several authors (Mrazek and Mrazek, 1985; Zuravin, 1991) have noted the relative lack of attention to definitional issues of child neglect, particularly given its greater reported prevalence (NCCAN, 1981, 1988b; Wolock and Horowitz, 1984). Emotional maltreatment, a recently recognized form of child victimization, includes such acts as verbal abuse and belittlement, symbolic acts designed to terror ize a child, and lack of nurturance or emotional availability by caregivers. Effects of child abuse and neglect Physical Health Consequence The immediate physical effects of abuse or neglect can be relatively minor (bruises or cuts) or severe (broken bones, hemorrhage, or even death). In some cases the physical effects are temporary; however, the pain and suffering they cause a child should not be discounted. Meanwhile, the long-term impact of child abuse and neglect on physical health is just beginning to be explored. According to the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), more than one-quarter of children who had been in foster care for longer than 12 months had some lasting or recurring health problem (Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation [ACF/ OPRE], 2004a). Below are some outcomes researchers have identified: Shaken baby syndrome: Shaking a baby is a common form of child abuse. The injuries caused by shaking a baby may not be immediately noticeable and may include bleeding in the eye or brain, damage to the spinal cord and neck, and rib or bone fractures (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2007). Impaired brain development: Child abuse and neglect have been shown, in some cases, to cause important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired development (De Bellis Thomas, 2003). These alterations in brain maturation have long-term consequences for cognitive, language, and academic abilities (Watts-English, Fortson, Gibler, Hooper, De Bellis, 2006). NSCAW found more than three-quarters of foster children between 1 and 2 years of age to be at medium to high risk for problems with brain development, as opposed to less than half of children in a control sample (ACF/ OPRE, 2004a). Poor physical health: Several studies have shown a relationship between various forms of household dysfunction (including childhood abuse) and poor health (Flaherty et al., 2006; Felitti, 2002). Adults who experienced abuse or neglect during childhood are more likely to suffer from physical ailments such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and ulcers (Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2007). Psychological Consequence The immediate emotional effects of abuse and neglectà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬isolation, fear, and an inability to trustà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬can translate into lifelong consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. Researchers have identified links between child abuse and neglect and the following: Difficulties during infancy: Depression and withdrawal symptoms were common among children as young as 3 who experienced emotional, physical, or environmental neglect (Dubowitz, Papas, Black, Starr, 2002). Poor mental and emotional health: In one long-term study, as many as 80 percent of young adults who had been abused met the diagnostic criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder at age 21. These young adults exhibited many problems, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts (Silverman, Reinherz, Giaconia, 1996). Other psychological and emotional conditions associated with abuse and neglect include panic disorder, dissociative disorders, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, depression, anger, posttraumatic stress disorder, and reactive attachment disorder (Teicher, 2000; De Bellis Thomas, 2003; Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2007). Cognitive difficulties: NSCAW found that children placed in out-of-home care due to abuse or neglect tended to score lower than the general population on measures of cognitive capacity, language development, and academic achievement (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). A 1999 LONGSCAN study also found a relationship between substantiated child maltreatment and poor academic performance and classroom functioning for school-age children (Zolotor, Kotch, Dufort, Winsor, Catellier, 1999). Social difficulties: Children who experience rejection or neglect are more likely to develop antisocial traits as they grow up. Parental neglect is also associated with borderline personality disorders and violent behavior (Schore, 2003). Behavioural Consequences Not all victims of child abuse and neglect will experience behavioral consequences. However, behavioral problems appear to be more likely among this group, even at a young age. An NSCAW survey of children ages 3 to 5 in foster care found these children displayed clinical or borderline levels of behavioral problems at a rate more than twice that of the general population (ACF, 2004b). Later in life, child abuse and neglect appear to make the following more likely: Difficulties during adolescence: Studies have found abused and neglected children to be at least 25 percent more likely to experience problems such as delinquency, teen pregnancy, low academic achievement, drug use, and mental health problems (Kelley, Thornberry, Smith, 1997). Other studies suggest that abused or neglected children are more likely to engage in sexual risk-taking as they reach adolescence, thereby increasing their chances of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (Johnson, Rew, Sternglanz, 2006). Juvenile delinquency and adult criminality: According to a National Institute of Justice study, abused and neglected children were 11 times more likely to be arrested for criminal behavior as a juvenile, 2.7 times more likely to be arrested for violent and criminal behavior as an adult, and 3.1 times more likely to be arrested for one of many forms of violent crime (juvenile or adult) (English, Widom, Brandford, 2004). Alcohol and other drug abuse: Research consistently reflects an increased likelihood that abused and neglected children will smoke cigarettes, abuse alcohol, or take illicit drugs during their lifetime (Dube et al., 2001). According to a report from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, as many as two-thirds of people in drug treatment programs reported being abused as children (Swan, 1998). Abusive behavior: Abusive parents often have experienced abuse during their own childhoods. It is estimated approximately one-third of abused and neglected children will eventually victimize their own children. Societal Consequences While child abuse and neglect almost always occur within the family, the impact does not end there. Society as a whole pays a price for child abuse and neglect, in terms of both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs: Direct costs include those associated with maintaining a child welfare system to investigate and respond to allegations of child abuse and neglect, as well as expenditures by the judicial, law enforcement, health, and mental health systems. Indirect costs: Indirect costs represent the long-term economic consequences of child abuse and neglect. These include costs associated with juvenile and adult criminal activity, mental illness, substance abuse, and domestic violence. They can also include loss of productivity due to unemployment and underemployment, the cost of special education services, and increased use of the health care system. Possible Treatment Strategies Descriptions of treatment for child sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect have been reported separately within the literature, with much more attention paid to treatment of child sexual abuse. In fact, there are relatively few studies or reports of individual treatment of the physically abused or neglected child. In practice, however, treatment programs often address individual needs of children. The emphasis here is cognitive behavioral treatments, as these have shown the greatest effects in controlled studies. General Issues for Treatment First and foremost, it is important that the child be safe from potential harm from the offender as well as from non-believing or unsupportive family members. In addition to ethical issues of treating a child within an unsafe environment, treatment of abuse related problems is not likely to be effective if the child is living in such conditions. The targets for treatment are determined to a large degree by the childs presenting symptoms and are defined following the initial assessment. There are, however, certain overriding goals that should guide the treatment process. Treatment should be directive and focused on the abuse or trauma itself. Treatment approaches: Help and encourage the child to talk and think about the abuse/neglect without embarrassment or significant anxiety. Help the child to modulate and express feelings about the abuse; Reduce the intensity and frequency of behavioral and emotional symptoms; Clarify and change distorted, inaccurate, or unhealthy thinking patterns that might negatively affect the childs view of self and others; Help the child develop healthier attachments; Strengthen the childs coping skills Enhance social skills, and Educate the child regarding self-protective strategies. An additional goal, accomplished specifically through group therapy is to reduce the childs sense of isolation or stigma through exposure to other victims of abuse. Group treatment for victims of child physical abuse can have positive effects but may also be associated with increased behavior problems. Therefore the therapist should be cautious and monitor group participants behavior closely (Kolko Swenson, 2002). Treatment strategies Strategies for treating the abused child are varied and are used as appropriate to the childs presenting problems. Recommended treatment approaches include (Finkelhor Berliner, 1995): 1) cognitive-behavioral strategies, 2) graduated exposure to aspects of the abusive experience, 3) relaxation training , 4) education regarding abuse process and effects of abuse, 5) skills training, 6) supportive strategies teaching self-protective strategies, 7) behavioral strategies/parent training. Strategies for treating abuse victims which have received some scientific support, have been those derived from a cognitive behavioral perspective and which focus on the abuse itself. Cognitive behavioral strategies typically address the childs thinking patterns, affective response, and behavioral reactions to the abuse. In particular, the childs attributions of blame and responsibility for the abuse should be addressed. That is, the child should be helped to recognize that it is adults rather than children who are responsible for healthy parent-child interactions (Finkelhor Berliner, 1995). Gradual exposure or discussion of abuse experiences helps to reduce the childs anxiety and embarrassment and provides opportunities to modify inaccurate or self-defeating thinking processes. Relaxation training further addresses the childs fear or anxiety reaction to abuse-related cues and can facilitate more effective affect regulation. Educational approaches facilitate clarification of misperc eptions developed in response to the abuse. Skills training are used to teach the child coping strategies to manage negative emotions and to improve social/interpersonal functioning. Supportive techniques also are required, as the child may be coping with non-supportive family members, upcoming court proceedings, and/or negative reactions from peers. Education in the use of self-protective strategies is important for minimizing the likelihood that the child will be abused/neglected again (Finkelhor Berliner, 1995). It is important to establish a safety plan within the home, delineate danger cues, and identify support persons in the childs environment to decrease the secrecy within previously abusive/neglectful families. This, in turn, is expected to minimize the risk of repeated abuse. Age-related issues The treatment approach should be appropriate to the age of the child. For example, a four year old child should not be expected to come into a therapist or counselors office, sit on a couch, and recount the details of her abuse. The therapist can utilize a variety of play techniques to encourage the young child to communicate about his or her abuse. Many cognitive behavioral strategies which are used with adolescents and adults can be modified or simplified for use with young children (Kolko Swenson, 2002). For example, there are numerous scripts for relaxation training which are humorous and which engage the child in the therapeutic process. Puppets and drawings are useful as well for helping children to tell of their experiences, learn strategies for coping with negative emotions, and behaving in a more organized and directed manner. In contrast, older children and adolescents are more able to directly communicate their thoughts and feelings about their abuse experiences. It is recommended, however, that the therapist be flexible in method of approach. Drawings, therapeutic stories, and therapeutic games can be very helpful for engaging children of all ages. Treatment duration There are no clear guidelines regarding the length of treatment for the abused or neglected child, although most studies of treatment effectiveness have examined short-term interventions. Clinical experience suggests that while some children can resolve their negative reactions to the abuse in a relatively brief period (i.e., 12 16 sessions), many will require more extended treatment. Typically, treatment length will be determined by the nature of the childs social, behavioral, or emotional difficulties. That is, the child who is experiencing a wide array of problems of a serious nature is likely to require more intensive treatment over a long period of time. In addition, the quality of support that the child is receiving from the non-offending caregiver or other family members will affect treatment length. That is, child problems are typically more significant if there is no support coming from the non-offending caregiver, and, therefore, treatment of the child whose non-offending parent is disbelieving or non-supportive is likely to be more extensive than that of a child who has the support of a non-offending parent. Additional treatment approaches Family involvement in treatment Children should not be treated in isolation of intervention with their family and/or current living situation. Thus, many in the field recognize the importance of incorporating family members, particularly parents or primary caregivers, into treatment addressing abuse and neglect (Kolko Swenson, 2002). The goal of family work is to reduce the risk of recurring abuse, increase safety, and promote healthy growth and development of all family members. Family approaches address the needs of all family members while also targeting the interactions between them. However, it is difficult to specify the precise structure of therapeutic work addressing family issues. The specific approach with the family will vary; depending upon the childs living context and the level of acknowledgement of abuse by offender(s) and non-offending caregiver(s). For example, a child who has been placed in foster care due to parent-child abuse and lack of a supportive non-offending caregiver will be addressing d ifferent issues than the child who is receiving support from a non-offending caregiver and/or whose abusive parent is acknowledging abuse and is committed to treatment. Family work is not indicated if the child is in out-of-home placement and there are no plans for reunification. Treatment involving the entire family and that has as a goal family reunification is generally of a much longer duration than individual treatment of the child. Initial stages involve the child, offender, and non-offending caregiver in individual treatment, allowing members to first address individual issues related to the development and outcomes of the abuse. In addition, marital work is recommended to address relational issues between the childs caregivers prior to any reunification efforts. If early work with caregivers is successful, family therapy may ensue. The clarification session can serve as the bridge between each family members individual treatment and treatment addressing the entire familys needs. Therapeutic interventions with caregivers typically begin with individual sessions addressing the abuse itself, as well as the specific needs of family members. These stages of treatment encourage assumption of responsibility by the offender and non-offending caregiver(s). An alleged perpetrator who is denying having abused the child or a non-offending parent who does not believe that abuse has occurred cannot fully benefit from abuse-specific treatment. Therefore, initial treatment efforts focus on reducing denial. If such efforts fail, family treatment is contraindicated. If the offender is acknowledging having abused and/or neglected the child, then he or she can engage in abuse-specific treatment that addresses faulty thinking patterns, behavioral actions, emotional responses, and physiologic reactions. Sexual abuse offenders will be targeting their sexual arousal to children, thought patterns which allow them to justify perpetrating sexual abuse, and examining the behavioral repertoire that lead up to abuse. Physical abuse offenders will learn strategies for managing anger, parenting skills, and non-physical means of discipline. Caregivers who are neglectful will receive assistance in securing basic goods and resources, will learn parenting strategies and be taught skills which facilitate independent management of the children and familys needs. In the treatment of all forms of abuse it is important to address attributions of blame. Invariably child abuse/neglect offenders minimize their own responsibility for the abuse/neglect and project blame on other family members, most often the victim. The abuse clarification process (Lipovsky et al., 1998), which addresses such attributions, should be included in treatment if at all possible. The abuse clarification involves an acknowledging offender who has proceeded through treatment to a sufficient degree to be able to clarify the nature of the abuse, assume responsibility for the abuse, demonstrate empathy for the childs responses to the abuse, and begin to participate in the development of a family safety plan. The abuse clarification process is addressed in the offenders individual or group treatment and is ongoing, often for many months before an abuse clarification session is possible. The abuse clarification session provides the opportunity for the offender to read a letter written to the child victim that focuses on the offenders assumption of responsibility, empathy for the child, and commitment to developing the family safety plan. This session is likely to occur some months after the abuse are disclosed, allowing the offender sufficient opportunity to engage in and progress in his/her own treatment. Ideally, at least one supportive adult should be included in the treatment process. Several programs around the country have targeted non-caregivers parents in their approach to treating child sexual abuse and have found success with such an approach.16, 32, 50 Treatment with non-offending caregivers also must also be built upon a foundation of acknowledgement that abuse has occurred. In most cases, where non-offending caregivers believe and support their child, family work addresses the caregivers individual needs. Early treatment strategies must address denial if it is present. Treatment of the non-offending caregiver(s) addresses his/her emotional responses to the abuse and individual mental health needs. In addition, treatment includes focus on the caregivers responses to the childs abuse, education regarding the childs symptoms and provides assistance for developing strategies for reducing these symptoms. It is recommended that the non-offending parent be involved in an abuse protection clarification (Wilson Ralston, 1995). This process is similar to the abuse clarification conducted with the offender. The protection clarification involves clarification of the abuse, commitment to protection of the child, and participation in the development of a family safety plan. The protection clarification may be initiated relatively early in treatment, especially if the non-offending parent believes and supports the child from the time of disclosure. Long-term family resolution of parent-child abuse is a life-long process and involves changing many aspects of family functioning. Some type of resolution must occur in all cases, regardless of whether the child or offender has been removed from the home. Resolution may take the form of helping a child adjust to permanent foster care and cope with a non-supportive family or may involve reunification of the family following the successful completion of individual/group treatment, the clarification process, and family therapy which addresses a safety plan, alteration of family members rigid patterns of thinking and behaving (Saunders Meinig, 2000). Home-Based Services and Family Preservation Services Home-based services and family preservation services address the overall needs of families, include both children and parents, and focus directly on contextual factors, such as poverty, single parenthood, and marital discord, that increase stress, weaken families, and elicit aggressive behavior (Kolko, in press). These programs target functional relationships among diverse individual, family, and systemic problems by combining traditional social work with various therapeutic counseling approaches. The use of home-based services has been advocated in response to the multiple problems found among abusive and neglectful families, difficulties in providing services in a traditional format, and interests in reducing the number of children placed in foster care. The breadth of potential family dysfunction has encouraged hands-on approaches that address risk factors at multiple levels of the family system, such as financial problems, disruption, social isolation, and behavioral deviance (Frankel, 1988). Self-Help Services for Abusive Adults Self-help support and treatment programs are based on the premise that individuals can benefit from learning about the victimization experiences of others. These programs have attracted popular support in a wide range of health services, including the treatment of alcoholism, weight loss, and rape counseling programs, and they have also been applied in the treatment of both physically and sexually abusive adults.. A self-help component has also been integrated into treatment programs for intra-familial sexual abuse (Giaretto, 1982). Parental Enhancement Most parental enhancement programs focus on training abusive parents in child management (e.g., effective discipline), childrearing (e.g., infant stimulation), and self-control skills (e.g., anger control). Programs for neglectful parents typically focus on areas such as nutrition, homemaking, and child care. Parental enhancement programs may help some families who experience child management problems when a sexually abusive father is removed from the home. In these cases, child management skills help develop positive child- parent interaction in sexually abusive families. The efficacy of parent training approaches for physically abusive parents has been supported by various single-case studies, one study using repeated measures, and group design studies (Azar and Twentyman, 1984; Crimmins et al., 1984; Gilbert, 1976; Jeffrey, 1976; Reid et al., 1981; Szykula and Fleischman, 1985; Wolfe et al., 1981a,b, 1982). Studies of multiple approaches and diverse populations have provided consistent evidence that parents can acquire behavioral skills and use them in interactions with their children, at least in clinical settings (Golub et al., 1987). Some evidence suggests that training has reduced parental distress or symptomatology and, in some instances, improved child functioning (Wolfe et al., 1988) and reduced the likelihood of child placement (Szykula and Fleischman, 1985). Efforts to expand the scope of parental enhancement programs have fostered attention to parents cognitive-attributional and affective repertoires (see Azar and Siegel, 1990). Therapeuti c directions highlight the need to incorporate diverse skills and to evaluate the effectiveness of individual approaches (see Azar and Wolfe,1989). Psychopharmacologic treatment for child victims Medications may be used with child victims of abuse and neglect who are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A number of medications may be of use, though the state of our knowledge about which are most appropriate for use in children is limited. Some have recommended that the use of medication may be reserved for those children who do not show improvement with cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD. Children experiencing other types of behavioral or emotional difficulties, including depression, anxiety, or attentional problems also can benefit from pharmacologic treatment. In all cases, the choice of medications is determined by psychiatrist through a careful assessment. Family Income and Supplemental Benefits The relationship of poverty to child maltreatment, specifically child neglect, is thought to be significant. Several government programs designed to alleviate or mitigate the effects of poverty on children are often part of a comprehensive set of services for low-income, maltreating families. Such programs include Social Security supplemental income programs, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Women with Infants and Children food supplement program (WIC), Head Start, rent subsidy programs, and school lunch programs, among others. Gil (1970) has stated that almost 60 percent of families reported for incidents of abuse and neglect received aid from public assistance agencies during or prior to the study year. However, while national and local child welfare programs designed to improve the well-being of all poor families may provide food, shelter, and other necessary resources, for children in households characterized by neglect or abuse, the relationship between income support, material assistance, and the subsequent reduction of maltreatment has not been systematically addressed. CONCLUSIONS Medical, psychological, social, and legal interventions in child maltreatment cases are based on assumptions that such interventions can reduce the negative physical, behavioral, and psychological consequences of child abuse and neglect, foster attitudes and behaviors that improve the quality of parent-child interactions and limit or eradicate recurrences of maltreatment. Interventions have been developed in response to public, professional, legal, and budgetary pressures that often have competing and sometimes contradictory policies and objectives. Some intervention services focus on protecting the child or protecting the community; others focus on providing individual treatment for the child, the offender, or both; others emphasize developing family coping strategies and improving skills in parent-child interactions. Assumptions about the severity of selected risk factors, the adequacy of caretaking behaviors, the impact of abuse, and the steps necessary to prevent abuse or neglect from recurring may vary given the goals and context of the intervention. Little is known about the character and effects of existing interventions in treating different forms of child maltreatment. No comprehensive inventory of treatment interventions currently exists, and we lack basic descriptive and evaluative information regarding key factors that influence the delivery and outcomes of treatment for victims and offenders at different developmental stages and in different environmental contexts. A coherent base of research information on the effectiveness of treatment is not available at this time to guide the decisions of case workers, probation officers, health professionals, family counselors, and judges. Investigations of child maltreatment reports often influence the development and availability of other professional services, including medical examinations, counseling, evaluation of risk factors, and substantiation of complaints. References Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation. (2004a). Who are the children in foster care? NSCAW Research Brief No. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2007, from the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect website: www.ndacan. cornell.edu/NDACAN/Datasets/Related_Docs/NSCAW_Research_Brief_1.pdf A

Popularity of Short Message Service (Sms) Usage & Its Effect on Written Language Deterioration

Communication technology is changing our way of life. Language is no exception. Some language researchers argue that written language is deteriorating due to the increase usage of electronic communication. The present study investigated 50 mobile phone users selected randomly using Short Messaging Service (SMS) as one of their daily communication tools with the purpose to find out whether SMS language will cause written language deterioration in Malaysia. SMS language is defined as using abbreviations, newly created words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons in the messages. The findings indicated that the majority of the respondents agree that SMS language causes written language deterioration. This could be because messages are full of spoken-like spelling, unconventional use of punctuation and abbreviations, and ungrammatical sentence in order to conform to the conditions of electronic communication to reduce space, time and effort. Although the language change due to the advancements in electronic communication technology is inevitable, we have to bear in mind that the negative impact on the written language has to do with the technology users not the technology itself. Introduction What is communication? Communication is a process of transferring information whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver using a channel (Wikipedia). In recent years, mobile phone has been viewed as an important communication tool and has become an integral part of the Malaysian society. Nowadays, it is very common to see Malaysians chatting or texting on their mobile phones in the streets, in the shopping malls, while waiting for public transportations to the point that the mobile phone has become an essential item to some people especially the younger generation. The mobile phone first appeared in Malaysia in 1998 and was mainly used by professionals. It was bulky, expensive, and built with basic features such as voice call. Today, mobile phones are equipped with other hi-tech features that allow faster communication and entertainment such as Short Message Service (SMS), MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) player, games, internet and videos. These additional features attracted people from all walks of life including the younger generation, and consequently led to the increase in the number of mobile phone users in Malaysia. According to the survey conducted by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), there were 24,253,000 mobile phone subscribers in Malaysia at end March 2008. It was also reported that as many as 50. 7% mobile phone users send out an average of five (5) SMSes a day. Compared to 2004 which recorded a percentage of 31. 7%, the number of mobile phone users sending out an average of five (5) SMSes per day has increased by 19% (Hand Phone Users Survey, 2008). The factors which have contributed to the popularity of SMS usage could be due to its widespread usage, mobility, low cost and convenience. For example, sending a message via text to a family or friend across the country or even living abroad, would be cheaper than the cost of roaming and long distance phone charges. SMS is extensively used not only for communication purposes, but also as a major marketing tool due to its low cost. Besides that, it is also very convenient for mobile phone users. A message can be easily and quickly transmitted just by pressing a few buttons instead of the conventional method of waiting for the telephone call to be put through or waiting to leave a voice message after a lengthy and annoying answering machine message. Due to character limitations and restrictions in a SMS message, it is a common practice for SMS users to maximize the contents of the messages sent by using abbreviations, newly created words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons in their SMS messages. How has this increasingly popular practice affect our written language then? As most Malaysians are multi-lingual, will the widespread use of SMS cause language deterioration? This research aims to investigate and analyze the relationship between SMS usage and whether it causes language deterioration in Malaysia by using abbreviations, newly created words, code-switching, code-mixing and emoticons in the messages.

What Is Anthrax Risk and Prevention

Genetic Engineering Essay - 1556 Words

Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic code by artificial means, and is therefore different from traditional selective breeding. Genetic engineering (GE) is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species, e.g. fish, and put them into another species, e.g. tomato. To do so, GE provides a set of techniques to cut DNA either randomly or at a number of specific sites. Once isolated one can study the different segments of DNA, multiply them up and splice them (stick them) next to any other DNA of another cell or organism. GE makes it possible to break through the species barrier and to shuffle information between completely unrelated species; for example, to†¦show more content†¦(New animals created through the process of cross-species gene transfer are called xenographs. The transplanting of organs across species is called xenotransplantation.) A combination of genetic engineering and cloning is leading to the development of animals for meat with less fat, etc. Fish are being genetically engineered to grow larger and more rapidly. 3) Many pharmaceutical drugs, including insulin, are already genetically engineered in the laboratory. Many enzymes used in the food industry, including rennet used in cheese production, are also available in genetically engineered form and are in widespread use. 4) Medical researchers are genetically engineering disease carrying insects so that their disease potency is destroyed. They are genetically engineering human skin9 and soon hope to do the same with entire organs and other body parts. 5) Genetic screening is already used to screen for some hereditary conditions. Research is ongoing in the use of gene therapy in the attempt to correct some of these conditions. Other research is focusing on techniques to make genetic changes directly in human embryos. 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